Manuscript Writing 

IMRaD manuscript structure

IMRaD refers to the standard structure of the body of research manuscripts (after the Title and Abstract). This consists of Introduction, Materials/Methods, Results, Discussion/Conclusions. This standard structure:

Although the sections of the journal manuscript are published in the order: Title, Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion, this is NOT the best order for writing the sections of a manuscript. One recommended strategy is to write your manuscript in the following order:  

Writing a manuscript | Authors | Springer Nature. (2022). Retrieved 14 March 2022, from https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors/campaigns/writing-a-manuscript

Elements to include/avoid in the Introduction section

Elements to include in the introduction:


Elements to avoid in the introduction:


Writing a manuscript | Authors | Springer Nature. (2022). Retrieved 14 March 2022, from https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors/campaigns/writing-a-manuscript

Elements to include/avoid in the discussion section

Elements to include in discussion:


Elements to avoid in discussion:


By Dean R Hess - How to Write an Effective Discussion - 2004